The Role of Functional Neuroimaging Techniques in Studying Brain Behavior - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2027 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Behavior Essay Did you like this example? Since Psychology was emerging by the first psychologist, Sigmund Freud, psychologists just get more informations than just records from talk therapies. Neuroscientists developed several techniques to study brain behavior by measure their emotional and intellectual activity to understand people better through their brain to be able to further observation their physical behavior. They find a way to ensure it is safe to use on patients while obtains important informations they can find. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role of Functional Neuroimaging Techniques in Studying Brain Behavior" essay for you Create order The Neuroimaging techniques is use of different techniques to either indirectly or directly image the pharmacology, structure and function of the nervous system. They were mostly used as practice in neuroscience, medicine, and psychology field. The purpose of using the neuroimaging technique to help doctors and researchers to see the activity or problems in humans brain and get the diagnosis to identity the activity or problem. There are six accepted and safe neuroimaging techniques to study brain behavior are using today in research facilities and hospitals all around the world. These six techniques were known as Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), electroencephalography (EEG), Magnetocencephalography (MEG) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). These Neuroimaging technologies will be explain what is their functional roles and how it benefits in understanding the brain behaviors. They are very important techniques that were used by neuroscientist who can identity mental illness or other disease and able to understand why the patient behaved the certain things. Each techniques will be explained their functional roles, advantages and disadvantages. The one of six Neuroimaging techniques was known as (fMRI) that measure the indirect consequences of the haemodyamic response. The procedure was that the patient has to lay on the movable exam ination table and go through the large cylindrical-shaped tube of an MRI scanner that contains powerful electro-magnet and stay for the certain time in between 10 to an hour depending on which part of your body. For an example, the patient perform the MRI for bipolar manic and it was found that he has Bipolar disorder by discovering the colored stimulating neurons activity on the brain frontal lobe where Amygdala located. From the research article to the conclusion of detecting bipolar manic, Bipolar manic subjects exhibit blunted brain fMRI response to emotional cues throughout the ventrolateral prefrontal emotional arousal network. (Stephen M. Strakowski, MD, 2015) The neuroscientist can give the diagnosis of bipolar mania from the evidence he finds the disruption of the emotional network in the Amygdala that controls emotions that can be link to mood dysregulation. The beneficial of using fMRI is it doesnt require radiation which gives no risk to patients and able to evaluate their brain function safety and effective. There are few disadvantages of using fMRI was because it is very expensive. It only can capture a clear image of the brain only if the person stays still. The procedure of c apturing the clear imagine usually take at least 30 minutes so it wont be good for a person who cannot stay still long. Since it is new, researchers today still dont fully understand how it works so it can be difficult to interpret the results. Another disadvantage example of using this tool was it comes with a lot of criteria that may not suit to certain patients. People with the following implants cannot be scanned and should not enter the MRI scanning area: cochlear (ear) implant, some types of clips used for brain aneurysms, some types of metal coils placed within blood vessels,and nearly all cardiac defibrillators and pacemakers. (Radiation Therapy for Brain Cancer, 2018) This technique was known for patients to not use anything metal because this machine is magnet which can absorb everything, It is not safe for deaf patients who possess cochlear implant that contains magnet device in their skull. The cochlear isnt something they can remove without surgery so it may disrupt their brain study. The deaf patient with cochlear implantation will have to find alternative way if they try to find out if they have any kind of brain cancer. And not only that, due to its high and most accurate technique, it is extremely expensive to the point that not many patients can afford to find their diagnose and seek the treatments earlier. So it also may be difficult for the researchers when it comes to understanding how bilingual may benefits the deaf patients linking to using cochlear implantation. The second of six technology was known as Computed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging procedure that contains detailed pictures of structures inside the brain by using the X-rays. It can show the brains features, but couldnt show its structure clearly. This article explained how CT scan works, CT scan uses X-rays positioned at different angles to create cross-sectional images of the brain. During a CT scan, a movable X-ray source is rotated around the patients head (NeuroImaging, 2014) This procedure allowed doctors and researchers to see the full view of the head and it provided more information about the brain than traditional X-ray scans, which only can do two-dimensional representation of the brain. It is painless, fast, and affordable. Comparing to other neuroimaging technologies, CT scan has more serious risks which made it a big disadvantage, despite to its advantages. The main risks associated with the use of CT scan, according to US Food Drug Administration are lifetime cancer risk will be increase because of x-ray radiation exposure, possible allergic reaction or kidney failure, and may need to get more follow up test after the abnormal result. Due to these serious risks had required for the patients to have a serious considering discussing with their doctor if this scan will be beneficial. The third of six technologies, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) was developed because they couldnt detect more than just static images of the brains structure in CT and fMRI. This technique was used to trace the amount of short lived radio material to map functional processes in the brain. The detector can pick up the radioactive decay a positron is emitted. They can detect the brain activity by looking at the areas of high radioactivity. Unlike other imaging test, PET can find irregularities in body function caused by disease which often happen before body structures changes become observable. The quality of a PET scan is not affected by small movements, so the subject does not have to remain as still for a PET scan as they would for a FMRI or MRI scan, both of which can be ruined by small movements. (Neuroimaging, 2014) This article showed that patients can be more comfortable with PET scan than fMRI without worry about delaying neuroscientists evaluation if they made a small movement. The one of several disadvantages of using PET scan are its qualities and hospital bills. It has poor spatial resolution so it wont be clear. Due to this, it is common for PET to be used together with CT or fMRI. (Neuroimaging, 2014) This means patients had to expect the high hospital bill coming to their home because combination two neuroimaging technologies are double expensive, just because PET couldnt provide the clear image because of low spatial resolution. This is something patients should consider about when it comes to hospital bills. Not only that, PET scan comes with radiation so it will come with risk even if it only a small dose. The fourth of six techniques is Electronecephalography (EEG) is a noninvasive test that records electrical pattern in the patients brain. It used approximately 20 to 128 small electrodes that places on the scalp to measure the electrical activity of the brain. The EEG machine amplifies these signals then records them in a wave pattern on graph paper. The test is used to help diagnose conditions such as seizures, epilepsy, head injuries, dizziness, headaches, brain tumors and sleeping problems. (https://www.mayfieldclinic.com/) This technologies helps patients with seizures disorder to determine the type of seizure and origins of seizures. It is one of few best technique that has high temporal resolution when it comes to diagnosis these type of brain conditions. Just like any other neuroimaging technologies, despite its ability to diagnose certain brain condition, EEG still have has big disadvantages. One of the big disadvantages of EEG/ERP is that its hard to figure out where in the brain the electrical activity is coming from. (https://www.ncilab.ca/erpeeg-2). When the electrodes were placed on the scalp, neuroscientist can get some idea of where the electrical signal are strongest components are strongest but it wont tell the location in the brain where the signals came from. But they can get better idea to see where signal comes from in same or different places if theres two ERP components. Since this is the best guess work so this technique requires more improvements. The fifth of six technique, Magnetoncephalography (MEG) is an imaging technique to measure the electrical activity that make magnetic fields in the brain with using very sensitive device that is known as SQUIDS. There are many uses for the MEG, including assisting surgeons in localizing a pathology, assisting researchers in determining the function of various parts of the brain, neurofeedback, and others. (Demitri, 2016). Unlike EEG, it doesnt require electrodes to be attached to the skin. Instead, a person simply sits in a chair, resting their head inside the MEG helmet. (https://www.ncilab.ca/meg-2) This technology is more safer than EEG scan. This technique is very beneficial when it comes to assisting the surgeons and researchers when it comes to evaluate conditions like epilepsy by see which area that are stimulated to seizures. Despite how MEG may be less difficult being sit under the magnet, comparing to fMRI scan, MEG still had some disadvantages. The main disadvantages of MEG are that it is more expensive and not as good as fMRI at localizing where precisely in the brain, activity is taking place. (https://www.sutherlandsurvey.com/Columns_Papers/Brain-imaging%20Methods.pdf) Simply, fMRI scan is better than MEG because fMRI is better tools when it comes to localizing where is the brain activity takes place in the brain. The last technology, Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is the optical technique to measure the blood oxygenation in the brain. The process of using NIRS laser was to chine the light in near infrared part of the spectrum (700-900) through the skill and find how much the remerging light is attenuated and how much it is depends on blood oxygenation. It also provides indirect measure of brain activity. This is especially used on patients with stroke and traumatic brain injury. Unlike any other Neuroimaging technologies, this comes with many advantages are more cheaper, smaller portable, involved with real human interactions, less sensitive to head motion and safe to any ages. NIRS lasers has several disadvantages. It has low spatial resolution which doesnt create a clear image. It can only record brain surface so doctors couldnt see whats inside of it. Theres also have no standard analyzing packaging and inaccurate activation localization. NIR lasers often have beam qualities (e.g., beam width and divergence) which are not so well suited for microscopy. The result is that spatial resolution can be somewhat compromised, and thus achievable results may not meet theoretical predictions. (https://www.horiba.com/us/en/scientific/products/raman-spectroscopy/raman-academy/raman-faqs/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-near-infra-red-nir-lasers-for-raman/) This technique can be invaluable sometimes so it wont be considered the best solution to every samples. Overall all these six Neuroimaging technologies functional roles, advantages and disadvantages had been explained. After learning them, they are very extremely important tools in medicine, pathology, and psychology field. Due to these disadvantages, there is an understanding why there arent only one Neuroimaging technique to explore the human brain and able to obtain every answers doctors and researchers need to find due to lack of certain tools. But it is amazing that these Neuroimaging techniques able to help doctors and researchers to further their understanding the human brain and help other patient to get a certain treatments, especially when they were invented in less than approximately 100 years ago. Not surprised they all have similar disadvantages, the price. Even with these amazing techniques, everything in the world always has its disadvantages.

The Three Different Types of Economies That Exist in the...

Every society should answer three economic questions, which are what to produce? , how to produce? , for whom to produce? The reason why a society should choose what to produce is because a product of one society’s choice is not necessarily the choice of the other choice. A society should decide how to produce goods, it is due to the fact that not all societies have the same resources, some societies may have a lot of people in them so, if they want to produce a good, they can use their human resources to accomplished their task, in the other hand societies with a low populations but a high amount of machines, can use their resources to finish their task. Some countries may be able to provide items that other countries can not, because†¦show more content†¦The second economic system is called directed or planned economy. In this system decisions are usually made by the government of that country. The third economic system is the one in the United States of America. It is called market economy. In the system, the three economic questions are answered by the people through buying and selling activities in the marketplace, a place where buyers and sellers exchange goods and services in some form of money. In the united states of America Since government has a bit involvement in the economy; it is actually called mixed economy There are five rights or features in the market economy. Which are private enterprise, right of the people to choose whether to own a business, what business to go into, and what to produce with only narrow government direction. The second one is private property. It means you can own, use, of arrange of things of value. You may set out of things you own by selling them, giving them away, or even by throwing them away. In our country, you can own any item and do what you want with it, as long as you do not disobey a law in doing so. The third one is profit, is the money left from sales after subtracting all the costs of op erating the business. The fourth one is competition, the contention among businesses to sell their goods and services to buyers. The fifth one is freedom of choice, the right given to us as buyers to buy what and where we want. Economies are mixed systems becauseShow MoreRelatedA Country Is Authoritarian Or Democratic Is Not A Choice1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthe degree of capitalism that is implemented in a country is the most effective factor in determining a countries regime type. Australia and North Korea are two countries, which have two completely different regime types and economies. Using these countries as examples, I will show how capitalism is the most important factor in the regime type of any country that exists in the world today. I will first give a brief introduction of each of the two countries mentioned. Then, I will describe what it meansRead MoreToyota Motors Company Case Analysis1429 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational business press usually recognises the three selected competitors, and they are always making the headlines of all the magazines, e-zines among other business press. Models of culture There are three types of culture that includes, specification, and columnisation and refraction model. The three models describes the relationship between the consensus and conflict in the advanced societies that mainly refers to the different relations that exist between the social and the cultural system(ChristophRead MoreThe Causation Of The Modern Slave Trade1646 Words   |  7 Pages There are endless reasons that human trafficking exists in modern times. These reasons are not black and white, and have a multitude of contributing factors, cause and effect, and influences. The causation of the modern slave trade is outlined in chapters three, four, and five of the text: Human Trafficking: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, written by Mary C. Burke. Chapter three, titled, â€Å"Sociological Perspective: Underlying Causes† relates sociology to the concept of human trafficking to betterRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society1369 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is a broad term used in multiple social studies classes. There are three types of globalization: cultural, economical and political. As both positive and negative views exist on globalization; using just the word globalization isn’t specific enough to understand these viewpoints. Knowing the different types of globalization will allow a person to form their own opinion whether or not each individual type of globalization has a positive or negative impact on society. Cultural globalizationRead MoreA Contemporary Analysis : Immigration And The Three Theoretical Paradigms1749 Words   |  7 PagesA Contemporary Analysis: Immigration and the Three Theoretical Paradigms Chris Ek Salisbury University Abstract The three theoretical paradigms of liberalism, mercantilism, and Marxism all create different analyses of certain contemporary issues. Leaders in society today use the paradigms to help create opinions over economics, immigration, and other key subjects that world leaders are constantly debating. Although, the knowledge of the basic foundations of each theory is extremely importantRead MoreUsing Different Types of Stemmer1392 Words   |  6 Pagesremove redundant features. Features Extraction Text is categorized by two types of features, external and internal. External features are not related to the content of the text, such as author name, publication date, author gender, and so on. Internal features reflect the text content and are mostly linguistic features, such as lexical items and grammatical categories[www]. In our work, words were treated as a feature on three levels: using a bag of words form, word stem, in which the suffix and prefixRead MoreCase Study : Developing And Running Business1373 Words   |  6 Pagesventures and start-up around UK. My responsibility also includes uncovering the importance of these venture’s influence in London as well as broadly in the economy of United Kingdom. TASK 1 (LOs 1 2) LO-01: Exploring and illustrating the range of venture categories that would be thought as entrepreneurial P1 (a): An examination of three different types of entrepreneurial ventures with explanations as to how they relate to the typology of entrepreneurship â€Å"Entrepreneur† as a term was used for the firstRead MoreThe Apple Inc. And Focuses On The Environmental Analysis Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction This essay is introducing the Apple Inc. and focuses on the environmental analysis. Different environment can affect the company develop. In the recent year, the Apple Inc. publishes two new technologies which are the Apple Watch and Apple Pay. These are following the environmental to make this decision. The environment is divided by five parts which are technology, economic, social, regulation and ethics. According these five aspects to analysis the Apple Inc. Firstly, it introducesRead MoreIncome Inequality : Not All Live Equal Lives1198 Words   |  5 PagesIncome inequality is a major issue throughout society in the United States of America, due to a corrupt and inconsistent economy that is displayed for individuals to suffer through. Those who are rich or poor in the United States of America should not all live equal lives. Yes, rich people benefit the most from income inequality, however they do not participate towards a fair level of taxpaying commitment, in comparison to tho se individuals who live low or middle class lifestyles. Anger occurs frequentlyRead MoreTypes And Types Of Unemployment985 Words   |  4 PagesTypes of Unemployment As Americans we hear a copious amount about the term â€Å"unemployed.† Which, as defined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, are â€Å"people who do not have a job, have actively looked for work in the past four weeks, and are currently available for work.† Unemployment can exists for many possible reasons. Such as, when offered a job, sometimes it becomes obvious to the potential employee that the job is not in their best interest. Also, changes in the business cycle can lead to unemployment

The Tao Of The Joy Luck Club Essay Example For Students

The Tao Of The Joy Luck Club Essay Taoism has been a major influence in China throughout much of its history and The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, reflects this influence through its infusion of Taoist principals. One of the fundamental concepts within Taoism is that of Wu-hsing. Wu-hsing is a way of understanding a matter by dividing it into five and is often represented by five phases, elements of directions. This is an unfamiliar concept to a western perspective, which tends to divide things into four. Understanding this fifth additional element, however, is essential to understanding The Joy Luck Club. This fifth component is most clearly represented in The Joy Luck Club through the directional aspect, which is clearly represented at the Mah Jong table, which the women gather around at the Joy Luck Club meetings. Each of the women represent the direction which they sir at on the table and the center of the Mah Jong table represents the fifth direction. In Taoism this fifth direction is the harmonious center where the traditional four directions meet and from which they originate, it is their beginning and their end. In the book the Joy Luck Club meetings serve as this fifth dimension. It is in this fifth direction, the center of the women and the Mah Jong table where the game and story of the Hoy Luck Club is played out. As the game begins the women first wash the tiles in a chaotic mixing motion and then work together to structure these game tiles into an orderly creation in the center of the board (Tan 22). This is the effect of the fifth direction in the womens lives as well. As the members of the Joy Luck Club bring the chaos of their lives and find peace through the combined effect of their relationships with each other. This process of bringing peace from the midst of chaos is first seen when the first Joy Luck Club is created in Kweilin. In Kweilin Suyun finds herself in an extremely chaotic and violent environment, which is the result of the refugee-camp-like city, and the frequent bomb ings, which it comes under. Suyun creates the club here as a source of peace in the midst of their troubles. The meetings become a place where the women do not discuss the eminent danger that surrounds them or their relatives and lives, which they have lost. Instead they focus on food and happy stories. The club provides a source of joy and hope for the women. The dashed hopes which Suyuan had for Kweilin being a place where, If you slipped, you would only fall into a bed of soft moss and laugh, are replaced by the hope that she will be lucky in the Mah Jong games (Tan 7), This hope and joy serves as a center and balancing point for the women who would gave otherwise been completely surrounded in chaos. It is helpful when trying to understand this fifth direction to think of the four women, each holding the end of a rope. All of these four ropes are bound together at a central point. When the women pull away from each other in their opposing directions the bond of this central point has no directional movement and holds them peacefully in place. Imagine that this bond were to break, the women would be launched into their respective directions flying away of falling to the ground. They would be thrown drastically out of balance. It is in this way that the five directions are all interdependent upon each other. An additional element of the five directions, which is important to consider within relation to The Joy Luck Club, is the effect of one of the directions being out of balance. TO continue on with the analogy, if one of the four women began pulling with an uneven force or in an inconsistent direction, the fifth directing of the dynamic center would be thrown out of its previous harmonious state. In this case the center still serves to hold its directions together but they would flail about unbalanced. Within the book we see such an imbalance created when Jing-mei sits in the Easterly direction of the Mah Jobg table to take up her Mothers position. This imb alance is created both by Jing-meis feelings of inadequacy to replace her mother and by the imbalance of her two lost sisters which has cast a shadow into the Woo family so severe that Mister Woo feels it was the cause of Suyuans death (Tan 7). Jing-mei expresses her feelings of inadequacy when she remembers her mother saying, You dont even know little percent of me! How can you be me? (Tan 15). Reflecting on this Jing-Mei feels that her mother was right and asks herself, How can I be my Mother at Joy Luck? (Tan 15). .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a , .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a .postImageUrl , .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a , .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a:hover , .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a:visited , .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a:active { border:0!important; } .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a:active , .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud0553c293a79a9e510bd1a5a30e0329a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: On Carloss Birth Essay As is the proper role of the other three directions the other women at the table, An-mei, Lindo and Ying-ying take action to pull this Eastern direction into alignment and restore the balance of the central direction. This in emphasized by the variation of the order in which the four families stories are presented in each chapter, emphasizing the movement which all of their directions make in attempt to maintain a balanced center. They accomplish this task by facilitating Jing-meis reunification with her two half-sisters. We see the progress of this balancing effect through the last story of the book where Jing-Mei travels to China. As Jing-mei spends time in China, traveling towards where she will meet her sisters she begins to feel that she is becoming Chinese (Tan 306). She recalls her Mother saying, someday you will see, (Tan 306). And realizes that as she begins to recognize the Chinese spirit in herself she is finally able to see what her mother always meant. She is able to emb race its spirit in her trip to China because she is able to see that she is Chinese not in the garishly awkward ways that she saw in her mother and found embarrassing, such as haggling with store owners, pecking her mouth with a toothpick in public, or wearing colors that didnt match, but in a deeper and more spiritual way. Jing-meis ability to finally accept her own Chineseness allows her to see her mother in a way she could not have before and appreciate her mothers spirit and strength instead of being blocked by the misunderstandings of her mothers ethnicity. This is why, when in the hotel, with her Father, she listens intently to the story of her mothers flight from Chilean and of the sacrifices, which her mother had made. She has heard this story before but never was able to fully appreciate it. As she hears the familiar story now she sees that there was no shame in what her mother did and that she had acted correctly in the situation. We see the full effect of this struggles resolution at the same time we see the imbalance of the lost sisters resolved. When Jing-mei gets of the plane and meets her two sisters resolved. When Jing-mei gets off the plane and meets here two sisters, the three embrace and embody their Mothers spirit calling, Mama, Mama, as they feel that their mothers spirit is there in their midsts as her life time dream is realized (Tan 331). At this moment both the internal imbalance of Jing-meis difficulty in understanding her mother and the multigenerational imbalance of the lost sisters are resolved. This resolution develops in the form of a Polaroid picture. As the three watches their picture develops Jing-mei is able to see that her mother really is inside of her, as she is in her sisters and all is balanced at last.